1. Introdution

Effective communication depends on the use of a common language.This is true for humans and other animals as well as for computer.
有效的沟通基于共同的语言，这不仅对人类和动物来说是这样，对于计算机也是如此。

notes: 很多时候，即使使用同一种语言，也会出现沟通问题。复述以及让对方复述会是一个好方法。

When a set of common behaviors is used with a common language, a protocol is being used. 如果需要用语言去描述一系列的行为准则的话，就是“协议”。

notes: 这句话真难翻译，不知道是不是这个意思。

The first definition of a protocol, according to the New Oxford American Ditionary, is
在《新牛津美语词典》中，“协议”的第一条释义就是：
The official procedure or system of rules governing affairs of state or diplomatic occasions. 控制事态或者外交场合的系统规则或官方手续. We engage in many protocols every day: asking and responding to questions, negotiating business transactions, working collaboratively, and so on.
我们每天都会遇到许多协议: 提问与回答问题,商务交易,共同协作,等等.
Computers also engage in a variety of protocols.
计算机也需要处理各种各样的协议.
A collection of related protocols is called protocol suite.
一系列相关协议的集合叫做协议簇。
The design that specifies how various protocols of a protocol suite relates to each other and divide up tasks to be accomplished is called the architecture or reference model for the protocol suite.
一个协议簇的各协议之间如何相互关联以及如何分配任务的设计叫做协议簇的"架构"或"参考模型".
TCP/IP is a protocol suite that implements the Internet architecture and draws its origins from the ARPANET Reference Model(ARM). TCP/IP起源于美国高等研究计划署网络参考模型,实现了因特网的架构.
The ARM was itself influenced by early work on packet switching in the United States by Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, in the U.K. by Donald Davies, and in France by Louis Pouzin. ARM本身又受到了分组交换的影响.(一大波英文名被我选择性忽略了)
Other protocol architectures have been specified over the years(e.g., the ISO protocol architecture, Xerox's XNS, and IBM's SNA), but TCP/IP has become the most popular.
这些年来,其它的协议架构不断的被提出来(例如,ISO,XNS,SNA), 但TCP/IP是最流行的. There are several interesting books that focus on the history of computer communications and the development of ther Internet, such as A History of Computer Communications and The Dream Machine.
有一些有意思的关于计算机通信与网络发展的书籍,如xxx以及xxx.
It is worth mentioning that the TCP/IP architecture evolved from work that addressed a need to provide interconnection of multiple different packet-swithed computer networks.
值得一提的是,TCP/IP架构是由为了满足提供计算机网络中的多种分组交换之间的相互通信的工作逐渐发展而来的.